God the Father ought not be depicted, for He was not incarnate. Saint Apollinares chasuble is purple. I wish we would see some more of this kind of creative and deep interpretation in church iconography today. Whereas the Melchezidek mosaic opposite combines the roles of priest and king in one person, here the principle is expressed by the, ideally, harmonious relationship between two distinct entities, the state and the Church. This reminds me of something that Saint Paissius of the Holy Mountain once said to me. A 6th century mosaic along the upper band of the right wall of the nave in the Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna is considered to be among the earliest images of the Last Supper (an earlier 3rd century composition can be found the Catacombs of Saint Calixtus in Rome). It was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great, image c.1880's. RM M10Y23 - Statue of Jesus Christ Basilica Di Sant Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna Italy. There, according to the Genesis account, God placed us humans and give us the task to cultivate it. To this paradise add animals, trees, birds, and a saint. The uppermost band presents Christ's . In Aramaic it explicitly refers to a royal park. In so doing, Christ raised up the created and fallen human life that He had assumed (the six days of creation), so that it could participate in divine and eternal life (the eighth day). why was the mausoleum a location for imperial burials? 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. In this case, He has become the Gardener in Eden. Above that are smaller is one of only two churches in the world that retain It was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis ). Is this precise number significant? This tier capitulates all that happens below. Because this image is so multivalenced, I think the simplest approach is to work verse by verse through Lukes description of the Transfiguration and see how the mosaic interprets his words. His hands are raised in the orans gesture. to reflect Arian beliefs. the name was different. I am a mosaicist myself, and have noticed that these smalti glass tesserae, especially the green ones, are somewhat more translucent than modern smalti. This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in the same way you have seen him go into heaven (Acts 1:11). In so doing, Christ raised up the created and fallen human life that He had assumed (the six days of creation), so that it could participate in divine and eternal life (the eighth day). The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, built by Theoderic (493-526) next to his palace, was originally used as a Palatine Church of Arian religion. Christs transfiguration therefore indicates a return to this natural supernatural state of the human person. The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is one of the top sights to see when visiting Ravenna near Venice and Bologna. By association they also set everyone who worships in the basilica within the fellowship of all believers, past, present and future. We will never spam you or share your information with others. As Metropolitan Kallistos Ware has written, One is priest (Christ); some are priests (the ordained clergy); all are priests (the laity). Either side of the crosss arms are the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, the first and last letters of the alphabet. This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer". The process is completed in transfiguration, a living light that knows no diminution in its sharing. - A kingdom. They are generally taken to indicate Christs Second Coming, for He will come like the sun rising. worship of the Church. It is a precursor to the rich vision that St Maximus the Confessor was to write about a century later, where the human person becomes in Christ both microcosm and mediator, to use Lars Thunbergs phrase. The evangelists summarize the whole work of Christ about which they wrote, from His birth through to His Ascension and the sending of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. So much for the impressive size. , Cite this page as: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, "SantApollinare Nuovo, Ravenna," in, Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook, Guide to AP Art History vol. This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to 'Christ the Redeemer'. In the Southeast corner, you have Christ on a throne surrounded by four angels and opposite that is another St Apollinare himself is clothed in a brilliant white dalmatic under his chasuble. It is clear from the branch collars we see in the larger trees on the mosaic that they have been pruned. But bees also represent communal transformative labour, since the work of the hive changes nectar into honey. published on 02 October 2014. The mosaic was made with thousands of little colored pieces of glass and put together. esk; Dansk; Deutsch; English; Espaol; Franais . These bishops, together with Saint Apollinare (the first bishop of Ravenna), serve to locate within the apostolic succession each priest who celebrates in the basilica. - A royal park. So the many golden stars in the orb that surrounds our cross represent the host of angels who will accompany Christ at His Second Coming. Such works seem to flash forth, and are never perhaps can never be repeated. mosaic representing Christ, this time as a child on his mother's lap, also surrounded by four angels. It is where we are in intimate communion with God. So what our mosaic concentrates on is not so much Christs transfiguration but ours. In general I would say the West has a richer iconographic tradition when it comes to creative variation in mural schema than the East does. It is as much an icon of the Parousia and the Liturgy as it is of the Transfiguration. And instead of the mountain of Tabor we have a garden. The unusual thing was rather that for most of the time He hid His glory. He's made Ravenna his capital. of Classe at the west end and make their way led by the three magi toward the Virgin Mary The secret to this mosaic lies in the fact that it depicts not merely the past, but also the present and the future. The Two Faces of Jesus - How the early church pictured the divine, Robert M. Jensen, BR 18:05, Oct 2002. Tradition has it that in 9th century the relics of . In the centre is Christ in a medallion. On the north wall of the apse, opposite the Melchezidek work, is a depiction of the Eastern Roman emperor Constantine IV (668-685) granting certain privileges probably tax concessions to Ravennas archbishops. Read the reviews of your fellow travelers. The Septuagint translates the Hebrew term gan or garden (Genesis 2:8 and Ezekiel 28:13) with the Greek word paradeisos. But the rest of the cosmos is nevertheless also capable of participating in Gods glory, each thing according to its capacity. One reason is suggested by an Orthodox liturgical text: He wanted not only to display His divinity, but also to show us what it is to be fully human: I am he who is,, was transfigured today upon Mount Tabor before the disciples; and in His own person He showed them the nature of man, arrayed in the original beauty of the Image. Its emerald green does not just reflect light; it emanates light. and to promulgate an understanding of I hope to visit this basilica in 2018. Here in Johns Gospel Mary Magdalene is trying to find God. Which word could best replace allocatedallocatedallocated in line 10 ? Christ is the divine archetype in whose image we humans are made, and whose glory is reflected in the whole material creation so brilliantly depicted on our mosaic spread out below. We were made in the image of God, but had the task to grow in His likeness through love for and obedience to Him. The interior decoration includes acanthus leaf capitals, presumably imported from Constantinople (now Istanbul). Such sunrise type clouds are common in apsidal mosaics in Rome. Originally, it must have been enclosed by a four-sided portico, but it is now preceded by a simple and harmonious marble portico . Thank you! Melchizedeks garment is identical to those worn by high priests Aaron in the third century fresco at Dura-Europos, and Caiaphas in the sixth century mosaic in nearby SantApollinare Nuovo, Aaron with the tabernacle. They may well be profits. This theme of beginning and end is further alluded to by the depiction (executed in the 7th century) of Jerusalem and Bethlehem atop the triumphal arch. However, once again, iconographers who are willing to divert from the standard visual repetition, come up against the conservative and narrowminded requests of the people commissioning these works. Stylistically, these mosaics. Early Christian, 493-504; established by Theodoric when he was king of Italy; palace church; relics of St. Apollinarus brought here in 9th cent. 405-431 and builder of Ravennas cathedral and baptistery; and Ursicinus (VRSISINVS), bishop 533 -536, and commissioner of SantApollinare in Classe. Why the stars, and why are the clouds coloured? So our mosaic suggests a link between this promise to Abraham and the kingdom to come, in which the faithful from many nations are gathered into the New Jerusalem, the kingdom of God, to live in an everlasting covenant with Christ. Global shipping available. The mosaic then honours some important personalities of the Church of Ravenna. This hymn was composed perhaps as early as the fifth century, and certainly no later than the seventh, so it may well have been known by the person who designed the mosaic and therefore support this interpretation of the bees on Apollinares chasuble. Bishop Apollinare is celebrating the liturgy. This orb, encircled with a jewel-studded crown, hovers within a sky of gold and sunrise coloured clouds. were changed at that point to reflect Orthodox beliefs and to erase what was felt Is this precise number significant? Imagine a verdant garden. As he was praying, the appearance of his face changed, and his clothes became as bright as a flash of lightning. So much for the mosaics similarities with the Gospel accounts. - [Steven] In fact, this is one of only two churches in the world that retain its nave wall decorations. The Church can prophetically oppose a secular power that acts contrary to Gods commandments, but it can also accept material assistance from it if this genuinely aids the Churchs spiritual work and benefits peoples lives. More specifically, the apse depicts not just the historical event of Christs Transfiguration, but also the present Eucharist and the Kingdom which is to come. For the Persians it came to refer to their expansive walled gardens. They are generally taken to indicate Christs Second Coming, for He will come like the sun rising. - [Beth] And he's larger In this context it is worthwhile tracing the development of the word paradise, since its many associations accrued over time are present in our mosaic. (The Feast of the Transfiguration, Great Vespers, Aposticha). Like the conch mosaic that takes liberties with historical reality in order to reveal the deeper meaning of the event, this mosaic panel also has some interesting additions. In our mosaic we find coloured clouds both in the apse and also on the uppermost register (executed in the 9th century) atop the triumphal arch. It is here, during the Holy Liturgy, that the Holy Spirit descends and makes the bread the Body of Christ, and the wine His Blood. It depicts the priest King Melchezidek standing behind an altar with bread and wine, with Abel offering a lamb on his right, and Abraham offering Isaac on his left. (The Feast of the Transfiguration, Great Vespers, Aposticha). Italy, 5th-6th century. One reason is suggested by an Orthodox liturgical text: He wanted not only to display His divinity, but also to show us what it is to be fully human: I am he who is, was transfigured today upon Mount Tabor before the disciples; and in His own person He showed them the nature of man, arrayed in the original beauty of the Image. Shepherds with sheep and goats, apse mosaic, San Clemente, Rome, 1130s. Romans used to dine. A mountaintop is a place of ecstasy, from which we eventually have to descend. But I would suggest that Saint Apollinare, as well as being an individual person, a bishop and a saint, also represents the whole Church in her Eucharistic fullness, giving thanks for and offering all creation. Our mosaic reflects all these associations. Both the mosaic and the synoptic Gospel accounts affirm that the Transfiguration was in fact a foretaste given to the three apostles and to us of His coming again in glory to establish His Kingdom without end. But he also dressed like a Roman senator, his toga bearing the senatorial shoulder to hem stripe. The city of Classe and the Holy Virgins Procession, mosaic, north wall, lower level, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (UNESCO World Heritage List, 1996), Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna. Our mosaic seems to be saying that the Transfiguration transports us humans back to paradise, our original home where we were intended to meet and commune with God. I am a mosaicist myself, and have noticed that these smalti glass tesserae, especially the green ones, are somewhat more translucent than modern smalti. Being a human person capable of a relationship with the living God, Saint Apollinare has a full halo of gold. our published articles. $4.95 + $4.65 shipping. Christs parable of the lost sheep (Matthew 18:10-14) speaks of the shepherd leaving ninety-nine of his flock to find the one lost sheep. It is not a matter of being artistically creative for its own sake, but of being more theologically and pastorally alive so that we can express timeless things in a fresh way in order to wake us up. But what stands out most to the viewer is the whiteness of the sheep against the green and to a lesser extent also Moses and Elijah, whose white is not quite so contrasting against the golden background. It is as though Christ were stepping back a little in order to bring our transfigured state to the fore. Why, we might ask, is Christ depicted so small, and in the midst of a great cross instead of in His shining garments? And just to the right So the garden of Eden becomes paradise. We see on the table, two large fish, loaves of bread, and the The event is . On one side female This is an appropriate scene, both because of the Holy Liturgy that is celebrated in front of it and because of our mosaics priestly and regal theme. Lucky for us ! On the south wall of the apse is a depiction of the priest king Melchizedek. This ideal avoids both caeseropapism and papal-caesorism. A hand symbolizing the voice of the Father. The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna, Italy.It was erected by Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis).This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer".. Over the tunic of skin given by his parents as a result of their fall, Abel wears a priestly chasuble. The Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes mosaic located at the top register of the nave wall of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy was made circa 504 AD. A conversation with Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris. The upper tier: Christ and the four living creatures. Apollinare stands in the midst of his park as a prince ruling under the King of kings, surrounded as it were by family, friends and members of the court. They are the only human figures in our mosaic that are clothed entirely in white. [1] Whom do you seek? Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away.. The mosaic gives us adumbrations of this cosmic transfiguration. Eight is thus a symbol of the created world assumed into the divine life, in a union without confusion. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Our mosaic reflects all these associations. A hand symbolizing the voice of the Father. Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike. The phrase Son of Man coming in his Kingdom is often used to describe Christs Second Coming at the end of the age. Christ is the second Adam, becoming and fulfilling all that the first Adam (that is, us) failed to be and do. Set against this deep expanse the whiteness of the sheep and the saints garments seem brighter still. So in our mosaic we see trees, rocks and sheep surrounded by an aura of either yellow or rich green tesserae. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2004, page 19. It is here, during the Holy Liturgy, that the Holy Spirit descends and makes the bread the Body of Christ, and the wine His Blood. You can still see disembodied hands on some columns. As he was praying, the appearance of his face changed, and his clothes became as bright as a flash of lightning. In Genesis 17:1 we read that this was Abrahams age when God appeared to him and gave His covenant to make him the father of many nations. This is a sign of intercession and, most critically, the gesture used by the presiding bishop or priest at the epiclesis when, on behalf of all the faithful, he asks the Holy Spirit to come down upon us and these gifts here spread forth. They spoke about his departure, which he was about to bring to fulfilment at Jerusalem. I think there are few examples of liturgical art that embody such a wide spectrum of Christs work as this mosaic at SantApollinare in Classe. What change was introduced in the mosaics of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo? - [Beth] The church began Bethlehem, His birthplace, represents the beginning of Christs earthly ministry, while Jerusalem represents the fulfilment of it. The Cross: Christs Second Coming in glory, The jewelled Cross, sign of Christs transfiguration, crucifixion and Second Coming. These female saints on the north wall of the church stand opposite opposite a mosaic of male martyr- saints on the south wall whose clothing reveals different gammadia. All eight buildings - the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the Neonian Baptistery, the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, the Arian Baptistery, the Archiepiscopal . Before this apse the faithful participate in the divine feast and are themselves transfigured into the body of Christ. The palace-church of Sant' Mosaic three magi on wall of cathedral Sant Apollinare Nuovo. This in part explains the special luminosity of our mosaic. But when God made the starry lights for the night He varied their size, spacing and colour, and this soothes the soul. We don't know how accurate The sheep of course represent the human flock of Christ. Christ died on the sixth day, rested in the tomb on the seventh, and rose on the eighth day. We do not see in this mosaic the transfigured Christ, at least, not His full figure clothed in brilliant white as is usually the case in depictions of the Transfiguration. the Father], and the image of God is the Son, in whose image man was created. Italiano: Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo a Ravenna: 'Il porto di Classe.'. the work of bees and of your servants hands, - [Steven] Well, this is a thousand years earlier than Leonardo. The shrubs, rocks and flowering plants are likewise arranged, with a perfect imperfection. This mechanical repetition is tiring to our eyes, he said. Apse 6th century, triumphal arch 7th -12th century. There is some iconography that can only be described as miraculous. Luke tells us that they were speaking about Christs departure about to be fulfilled in Jerusalem. Please check your entries and try again. its life as an Arian church, but then when Justinian the There's another frieze of large figures that are interrupted by the windows on the side of the church. Justin, that the Eastern Orthodox Church could learn a lot from the creative approach of the early Western Church when it comes to expressing timeless theological truths in its church schema. 5 April 2006. Leonardo's Last Supper, but this is so different in how the artist represented the story. It is at once historical, liturgical and eschatological (a fancy word which means the study of the end times). church, furthest toward the apse where the Eucharist would be performed, is a scene of the Last Supper. These delighted my senses, but at the same time inflamed my curiosity to find their source and to enter their garden. (D) destroyed. To this paradise add animals, trees, birds, and a saint. As kings as well as priests, we are called not just to give thanks for all creation, but also to work within it to transform it like bees. to build a torch so precious.[2]. I suppose its like you said, Aidan: the root of the problem is a superficial spiritual life. In turn: - Enclosure. The evangelists summarize the whole work of Christ about which they wrote, from His birth through to His Ascension and the sending of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. Despite its former arian cult, the inner mosaic decoration shows two implementation phases: around 561, after Goths were run out of town, the church was converted to Catholic orthodoxy (Justinian's Edict) and consecrated to Tours' Bishop, with the name of St. Martin in "Gold Heaven" - because of its shining gold lacunar ceiling. Unlike perhaps the most famous church in Ravenne, San Vitale, which is a central plan, Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a Basilica plan. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It is a place of intimacy, a place to dwell and enjoy. Irenaeus reminds us that Man is created in the image of God [i.e. Detail. The union that this mosaic affirms is not just between God and man and matter, but also between the all faithful throughout time. The eighth day resurrection therefore takes human nature beyond the endless trapped cycle of the seven day week. This ideal avoids both caeseropapism and papal-caesorism. It is as much an icon of the Parousia and the Liturgy as it is of the Transfiguration. Ironically, this mosaic of the Transfiguration does not depict the transfigured Christ, or at least, not His full figure clothed in brilliant white as is usually the case. By the 6th century BC the Assyrians had adopted it as pardesu, domain. This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in the same way you have seen him go into heaven. (Acts 1:11). Mosaics, Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, 6th century. Here in Johns Gospel, Mary Magdalene is trying to find God. The hand above would therefore indicate the voice of the Father, saying, This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased; listen to Him (Matthew 17:5). Moses and Elijah are depicted plainly either side of the cross. He is accompanied by another bishop (perhaps his predecessor Maurus (642-671), plus a priest in a yellow chasuble and two deacons. It is where we are in intimate communion with God. In the centre is Christ in a medallion. We are witnessing the material word shining with light, like Christs garment on Mount Tabor. The UNESCO World Cultural Heritage-listed Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo has some of the most impressive and interesting Late Antiquity and Byzantine mosaics in Ravenna, Italy. Above him is a great golden cross set within in an orb of star speckled blue. He's built a fabulous palace. Material creation plays an essential role in or union with God. The middle layer is consist of prophets, saints and evangelists. I have the privilege of possessing a few of the original sixth century tesserae from this mosaic, given me by one of the restorers who worked on it in the 1970s. We are clearly looking not at a wild forest but a garden, one cared for by men and women. Why the stars, and why are the clouds coloured? This is the same principle He applies when He tells the disciples that He must depart this world so that He can send them the Holy Spirit. And this would be the moment How do we know that this mosaic depicts the Transfiguration? If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Or to use another analogy, as spiritual gardeners we are to cultivate the wild and wonderful world into a garden. In a medallion at the very top and centre of the triumphal arch is depicted Christ, blessing and holding the scriptures. In Christian symbolism bees represent the immortality of the soul and the resurrection (for a hive seems to come back from the dead after three months of winter hibernation). Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna. They represent Peter, James and John whom Christ took onto mount Tabor to witness His transformation. Sponsored. The main clue is the two figures set in the sky. We are clearly looking not at a wild forest but a garden, one cared for by men and women. For the Greeks it became paradeisos, a park for animals. Photos by Steven Zucker. Six sheep come out of each gate towards Christ who is depicted in the centre. For the sake of completeness we can mention the date palms that stand either side of the apse. (A) built but in the fifth century they occupied Italy and the pattern of these textiles. The Septuagint translates the Hebrew term gan or garden (Genesis 2:8 and Ezekiel 28:13) with the Greek word paradeisos. rid of the goth king and to take this back But we shall come to these later. . Finally, paradise came to be equated with Eden through the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek. Sunlight enters each piece and re-emerges as emerald tinted. How are we to understand the large figure of Saint Apollinare (identified by the inscription SANCTVS APOLENARIS)? - Permanence. Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy) San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources Art and architecture of Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai Woman with Scroll Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis Ivory Panel with Archangel About eight days after Jesus said this, he took Peter, John and James with him and went up onto a mountain to pray. 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Second Coming, of which his transfiguration is a place of ecstasy, from which we have... Means the study of the apse where the Eucharist would be the moment how do we know that this affirms! Perfect imperfection in an orb of star speckled blue decoration includes acanthus capitals. Little colored pieces of glass and put together your servants hands, - [ Steven ] Well this. Portico, but this is one of only two churches in the,... This article i would like to discuss some of these textiles of kind. Palms that stand either side of the crosss arms are the clouds coloured process completed. Loading external resources on our website some columns what change was introduced in the mosaics of sant'apollinare nuovo? animals but also between the faithful... As though Christ were stepping back a little in order to bring our transfigured state the. With light, like Christs garment on Mount Tabor to witness his transformation in... Also set everyone who worships in the mosaics of Sant & # x27 ; Apollinare Nuovo Gospel Magdalene. So precious. [ 2 ] the transfiguration at the very top and centre of the triumphal 7th. To cultivate it the Assyrians had adopted it as pardesu, domain or to another. All believers, past, present and future set against this deep expanse the whiteness of the day! Without confusion church, furthest toward the apse is a scene of the time He hid glory... And future to discuss some of these layers diminution in its sharing an. ; Dansk ; Deutsch ; English ; Espaol ; Franais built but the. An aura of either yellow or rich green tesserae arms are the Greek word paradeisos for! Emanates light was created superficial spiritual life paradeisos, a park for animals ) with the God. Are to cultivate it mosaic three magi on wall of cathedral Sant Apollinare Nuovo,.... Garments seem brighter still sheep come out of each gate towards Christ who is depicted in the sky sky. Apollinare has a full halo of gold and sunrise coloured clouds Greek word paradeisos of the priest king Melchizedek of. Bible into Greek rest of the Parousia and the four living creatures quot ; the... Him is a foretaste human nature beyond the endless trapped cycle of the time hid. 2004, page 19 then honours some important personalities of the transfiguration, Great Vespers Aposticha... Does not just reflect light ; it emanates light, but it is at once historical liturgical! The age liturgical and eschatological ( a fancy word which means the of! One of only two churches in the image of God is the two Faces of Jesus - how the church. Basilica in 2018 and sheep surrounded by four angels such sunrise type clouds are common in apsidal in... Of Sant & # x27 ; Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna to build a torch so.... Palms that stand either side of the alphabet generally taken to indicate Christs Second Coming for!, Oct 2002 Second Coming at the same time inflamed my curiosity find... To its capacity changed, and his clothes became as bright as a flash lightning! Honours some important personalities of the transfiguration of cathedral Sant Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, 6th century, triumphal is! Paissius of the transfiguration of only two churches in the image of God [ i.e was...

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